Ch.20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

WHAT ARE THE ORGAN SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONS OF THEM?

-Endocrine system controls body functions

-Skeletal and muscular systems support and move the body

-Circulatory system transports the food and oxygen

-Respiratory system absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

-Integumentary system covers and protects the body

-Excretory system disposes of certain wastes

-Lymphatic and immune systems protect the body from infection and cancer

-Reproductive system perpetuates the species

-Digestive system absorbs food

-Nervous system controls body functions

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF SKIN?

The main function of the integumentary system is protection of the body. Epidermis, which is the outer layer that lines on the surface resists damage, decreases water loss, and prevents penetration by microbes. Dermis, which is the inner layer of the skin is sensory information, synthesis of vitamin D, and temperature regulation.

HOW DO HUMANS PROMOTE HOMEOSTASIS?

Homeostasis is an internal steady state. Humans promote homeostasis by adding clothing when we are cold, dehydrated, eating when our calories are running low, and urinating when our bladders are full. Negative feedback mechanisms permit only small fluctuations around set points.

SUMMARY:

Animals have four main categories of tissues, epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial cells come in three shapes, which are squamous like a fried egg, cuboidal, as tall as they are wide, and columnar, taller than they are wide. Stratified epithelial cells are stacked on top of each other. Connective tissue can be grouped into six major types. Skeletal musclecauses voluntary movements, cardiac muscle pumps blood, and smooth muscle moves walls of internal organs, such as the intestines. Supporting cells insulate axons and nourish neurons. Each tissue performs specific functions. The heart has epithelial, connective, and nervous tissues. An organ system usually consists of many organs.

New imagin technology reveals the inner body. New technologies show body organs without surgery. X-rays help to see bones and teeth. Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) provides three-dimensional images of very small structures. PET helps indentifying metabolic processes at specific body locations. The skin consists of two layers, epidermis on the surface and dermis inside. Animals must exchange materials with the environment. Respiratory system exchanges gases. Digestive system acquires food and eliminates wastes. Excretory system eliminates metabolic waste. adaptations that increase surface area promote exchanges with the environment.

KEY TERMS:

- Anatomy: structure

- Physiology: function

- Neurons: carry signals by conducting electrical impulses

- Endocrine system: control of body functions

- Skeletal/muscular system: support and move the body

- Circulatory system: transportation of the food and oxygen

- Respiratory system: absorption of oxygen and release carbon dioxide

- Integumentary system: cover and protection of the body

- Excretory system: dispose of certain wastes

- Lymphatic and immune system: protection of the body from infection and cancer

The skin has three layers—the epidermis, dermis, and fat layer (also called the subcutaneous layer). Each layer performs specific tasks.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyxKDYUF-RM&feature=player_embedded

5 FACTS:

1) Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities.

2) Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues.

3) Bioengineers are learning to produce tissues and organs for transplants.

4) Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions.

5) Each organ system has one or more functions.